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Discussion on the development countermeasures and special functions of mine parks
I. Introduction
In order to protect important mining relics and promote mine environmental management and ecological restoration, in November 2004, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on Applying for National Mine Parks" (Guo Tu Zi Fa [2004] No. 256), and in 2005 In August, it approved and approved the national mine park construction qualifications of 28 reporting units including Anhui Huaibei, which marked a new step forward in the protection of mining relics and the governance of the mining environment. How to embody and play the special functions of mine parks has become the primary consideration in the planning, construction and management process.
   Second, the national mine park overview
The National Mine Park is a specific space area that displays the mining heritage landscape as the main body, reflects the historical connotation of the mining development, and has research value and educational functions, which can be used for people to visit and scientifically investigate. China's mine parks are produced under the background of coordinating urban and rural environmental construction, implementing major ecological restoration and environmental improvement projects, promoting the harmonious development of people and nature, and building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Mineral species minepark 28 countries involving extensive, including metal ores and coal mines, oil and mineral, mica mineral, mineral carbonates, Shou quarry, Bahrain quarry, marble mine gold mine, iron ore, copper ore, ore mercury Non-metallic minerals such as Dushan jade mine, kaolin mine, diabase mine, potash mine and diamond mine. The mine park is dominated by coal mines, gold mines and iron ore mines, including 8 coal mines, 4 gold mines and 3 iron ore mines, accounting for 53.57% of the total. Most of the mining parks are located in mining cities, such as Datong, Huaibei, Fuxin, Jixi, etc., and a few are distributed in developed areas such as Beijing and Shenzhen. At present, except for a few parks such as Hubei Huangshi, Jilin Baishan Slate, Zhejiang Tunchang and Henan Dushanyu National Mine Park, others are still under construction.
 Third, the problems in the national mine park
(1) Planning and landscape design
In the planning of national mine parks, there is a general phenomenon that only pays attention to the overall planning, but ignores the detailed and phased planning. Especially the landscape design which is an important part of mine park planning has the problems of not prominent themes and unclear features. At present, there are no specialized research institutions and design units for mine park planning in China. The units responsible for planning and design are diverse and the composition of personnel is different. This is an important reason for the different problems in the planning and design of mine parks.
(2) Construction and investment
The construction of mine parks has many problems such as poor environmental conditions, difficulty in development and construction, and large investment, and there are also great differences in the construction conditions of mine parks of different types and sizes. Undoubtedly, for mining cities and economically backward areas facing resource depletion, the serious shortage of funds is an important issue affecting the construction of mine parks.
(3) Management institutions and systems
1. When applying for mine parks, most of them set up a reporting and leading group composed of various government departments. However, with the construction of mine parks, there is a lack of clear functional departments in supervision and management, investment promotion, planning and publicity. And related institutions;
2. The construction of mine parks also involves planning, construction, tourism, environmental protection, culture and other departments. In order to avoid mutual suspicion, a strong integrated coordination mechanism is also needed.
3. The property rights relationship between the mining enterprise and the mining park development unit has not been straightened out, and the ownership, management and management rights between the two are not clearly defined;
4. Some mining parks are still carrying out mining activities at the same time of construction. For example, Shenzhen Fenghuangshan National Mine Park implements the model of “development, side greening and side constructionâ€. How to deal with the relationship between mining and park construction is also very important.
(4) Legal and regulatory system
At present, China has enacted laws and regulations such as the Mineral Resources Law, the Regulations on Prevention and Control of Geological Hazards, and the Regulations on the Protection of Geological Relics, but it lacks an authoritative and targeted system and regulations for the construction and management of mine parks. Although the "Guide to the Construction of National Mine Parks" has certain guiding significance for the construction of mine parks, it is not perfect without the support of actual construction experience.
Fourth, the development strategy of the national mine park
(1) Reflecting the characteristics of the park according to local conditions. In the construction process of each mine park, it is necessary to highlight its own characteristics based on the overall plan. According to the mining development history, mining type, geographical location, input guarantee and other factors, determine the park's heritage protection and development projects, thematic content, landscape attractions, development scale, popular science and educational content; in accordance with the principle of unified planning and step-by-step implementation, Detailed staging and zoning planning. In view of the problem that the landscape design theme of the overall planning is not prominent and the characteristics are not clear, the specialized research institutions of the mine park will be set up, the park landscape design will be improved, and the “Specification and Rules for Landscape Design of Mine Parks†suitable for their own mine conditions will be established. Strengthen exchanges, learn from experience, and constantly improve the functions of special construction and social services.
(2) Establishing a sound and stable investment guarantee mechanism. The construction of national mine parks is a long-term process. To change the current investment and construction difficulties of mine parks, it is necessary to raise mining heritage protection and development funds through multiple channels and at multiple levels to protect and develop important national and local mining sites. Incorporate national and local financial plans and actively open up new investment channels. Under the premise of protecting the ecological environment of the mine, formulate preferential policies for the construction of mine parks, and actively guide the broad participation of all sectors of society to break through the “bottleneck†of funds existing in the construction.
(3) Improve management institutions and systems. The mine park shall establish a permanent organization such as the Mine Park Management Office in conjunction with the current construction situation, and shall be equipped with corresponding preparations to exercise the administrative functions of the park, supervise the construction, publicity, planning, planning and implementation of the park and research projects. At the same time, the property rights and interests of mining enterprises and mine parks should be clarified, the relationship between mining areas and mine parks should be properly handled, and the management system of the parks should be continuously improved to ensure the normal operation of mining production and mine park construction.
(4) Formulating practical development and protection laws and regulations. Mine park is a new way of utilizing geological resources. It is an effective way to protect and sustainable use of non-renewable mining heritage resources, and to restore and control the mine ecological environment. Protection and development are important issues that must be dealt with in the construction of mine parks. In order to protect precious mining relics and control the ecological environment of mines, it is necessary to formulate and improve national and local laws and regulations as soon as possible, and rationally regulate the relationship between mining heritage protection and mine tourism. Correctly handle the relationship between the development and utilization of mining relics and scientific protection; implement a strict mine environmental protection system, incorporate mine environment and mining relics protection into the legal system, and resolutely stop and combat the destruction of mining relics and ecological environment.
(5) Highlighting mining science popularization and environmental education. Mine parks are not only mining tourism bases, but also mining science and research and environmental education bases. Extensively carry out mining relics and ecological environmental protection publicity activities, popularize scientific knowledge of mining relics, raise public awareness of resources and environmental protection; establish bulletin boards in mining relics, provide free science manuals for tourists; display precious minerals in museums, Mineral products, paleontological fossils and mining techniques; use multimedia and other means to demonstrate the formation of mineral deposits, evolution history and mining, mining process development history and other popular science propaganda. Combine the local natural and ecological environment to strengthen environmental education, enhance the environmental crisis of tourists, let people really pay attention to environmental issues, and actively participate in China's environmental protection cause.
5. The special function of the national mine park
(1) Promote mine ecological restoration and environmental management. Mining activities have promoted the development of human civilization. However, due to the long-standing tendency of “heavy resource development, light environmental protection, heavy economic benefits, and light ecological benefitsâ€, mine construction and production processes have caused serious damage to the environment, resulting in serious damage to the environment. Environmental pollution and ecological degradation. In the process of construction and management of mine parks, environmental management and ecological restoration should be adopted to restore and control the ecological environment damage caused by the mining development process, increase the greening of the mines, and improve the ecological environment of the mining area.
(2) Realizing the protection and sustainability of mining heritage. The mining relics are historical witnesses of human development and utilization of mineral resources, historical and cultural relics of great value, and an important natural and cultural heritage protected by the world today. Foreign research on the protection of mining relics was carried out earlier. Initially, the mining relics were included as a classification of cultural heritage in national parks and geological parks for protection and development. The construction of mine parks in China should take the display of mining relics as the main body and give full play to the special research value of mining relics, so that non-renewable important mining relic resources can be protected and sustainablely utilized to fully demonstrate the historical process of human social development and the objective of transforming nature. Tracks and provide research and research objects for scientific activities.
(3) Promoting scientific research and education. Taking the mining relics as the object of scientific investigation and research is of great significance to the development of a long history of mining and splendid culture. Mining relics can be grouped into six categories according to their natural and human attributes, as shown in Table 1. Taking the accidents of mine accidents, geological disasters and ecological environment damage caused by construction and production processes as vivid teaching materials for educating tourists and future generations, improving the awareness of saving resources, energy and protecting the ecological environment for the whole people, in order to realize harmony between man and nature, economy Contribution to social and environmental sustainability.
Table 1 Types and main descriptions of mining relics
Mining heritage type
Main content description
Mining development history
Records and literature reflecting the history of discovery, development history and mine evolution of important deposits
Mining production site
Large-scale mine stope (mine pit, mine), smelting plant, processing plant, process workshop, kiln site and other mining production structures, abandoned land, typical mine ecological environment treatment engineering sites, etc.
Mining activity ruins
Mining equipment (exploration, mining, mineral processing , smelting, processing, transportation, etc.) and living equipment, equipment, tools, tools, etc., including exploration pits (holes, wells), mining, lifting, ventilation, lighting, drainage and water supply, Half tool, safety equipment and living utensils, etc.
Mining products
Precious mineral products, ore, mineral crafts
Human landscape related to mining activities
Historical monuments, residences, grottoes, rock carvings, temples, mining and business activities, and other cultural landscapes associated with mining activities with distinctive regional characteristics
Mineral geological relics
Geological sections of typical deposits, stratigraphic relics, paleontological relics, ore-seeking markers and suggesting minerals, geological features, water landscapes, and scientifically significant mine dynamic geological phenomena (ground fissures, ground collapse, debris flows, landslides, collapses, etc.) remains
(4) Promoting the economic transformation of mining towns. According to statistics, there are currently 426 mining towns in China, of which 20% are in the growth period, 58% are in the mature period, and 12% are in the decline period. About 440 mines in the country have been or will be closed, and about 50 mining and town resources are in a state of decline. How to achieve a smooth transition of economic transformation after the depletion of resources is a major problem in the life and death of Shaoguan mining towns. The construction of the mine park can not only promote the development of tourism in the local and surrounding economic radiation areas, but also restore the ecology of the mining towns, protect the environment, create an investment environment with beautiful scenery and pleasant ecological environment, attract foreign investment and solve Employment pressures play more social functions for the economic transformation and sustainable development of mining towns.
Conclusion
The construction of the National Mine Park is a major measure to effectively protect the mining heritage resources, promote a long history of mining and splendid culture, strengthen mine environmental protection and restoration, promote the economic transformation of resource-exhausted mining cities, and promote mining enterprises to embark on a sustainable development path. The National Mine Park is a new thing. It is in the exploration stage both in theory and in practice. How to reflect and exert its special functions more effectively is a problem that needs to be paid attention to.