Use of manganese ore and technical and economic indicators

Use and technical and economic indicators

Mineral Manganese: Manganese metallurgy, manganese carbonate powder, chemical manganese dioxide powder and a powder with manganese dioxide battery. The metallurgical department, light industry department and chemical department using manganese ore products have different quality requirements for manganese ore products according to different uses.

(1) Quality requirements of manganese ore in metallurgical industry

Pig iron for steelmaking, iron manganese, iron ore mirror, the iron content is not limited, preferably the total content of manganese and iron ore can reach 40% to 50%.

In the smelting of various grades of manganese-based alloys, there are certain requirements for the manganese content of the ore and the ratio of ferromanganese. Smelting medium and low carbon ferromanganese, ore containing 36% to 40% manganese, manganese to iron ratio 6 to 8.5, phosphorus to manganese ratio 0.002 to 0.0036; smelting carbon ferromanganese, ore containing 33% to 40% manganese, ferromanganese Ratio 3.8 ~ 7.8, phosphorus to manganese ratio 0.002 ~ 0.005; smelting manganese silicon alloy, ore manganese content 29% ~ 35%, ferromanganese ratio 3.3 ~ 7.5, phosphorus-manganese ratio 0.0016 ~ 0.0048; blast furnace ferromanganese, ore manganese content 30 %, ferromanganese ratio is 2-7, and phosphorus to manganese ratio is 0.005.

(2) Quality requirements for manganese ore in the chemical and light industry sectors

In the chemical industry, manganese ore, manganese sulfate, potassium permanganate are mainly used for manganese ore, and secondly, manganese carbonate, manganese nitrate and manganese chloride are prepared. The chemical grade manganese dioxide ore powder requires MnO2 content greater than 50% (Table 3.3.3). When producing manganese sulfate, Fe≤3%, Al2O3≤3%, CaO≤0.5%, MgO≤0.1%; when potassium permanganate is prepared , Fe ≤ 5%, SiO 2 ≤ 5%, and Al 2 O 3 ≤ 4%.

Natural manganese dioxide is a raw material for the production of dry batteries, and the higher the MnO2 content, the better. For Ni, Cu, CO, Pb and other harmful elements, the general factory standards are: Cu <0.01%, Ni <0.03%, Co<0.02%, Pb<0.02%. The particle size of the ore powder is less than 0.12 mm.

Third, a brief history of mining

The use of manganese minerals has a long history. According to the literature, the earliest countries that use manganese minerals in the world are Egypt, ancient Rome, India and China. The history of the use of manganese minerals in China can be traced back to the Yangshao culture (painted pottery culture) of the Neolithic Age about 4,500 to 7,000 years ago. Because the pyrolusite is earthy, its color is black and it is very easy to dye. In the eyes of the ancients, this is a wonderful pottery coloring pigment.

However, the discovery of manganese was relatively late. It was only in 1774 that the Swedish mineralogist JGGahn reduced manganese from pyrolusite.

The application of manganese in the steel industry is the result of decades of unremitting efforts by metallurgists in various countries. After 1875, European countries began to produce 15% to 30% manganese iron and 80% manganese iron in blast furnaces. An electric furnace ferromanganese production 1890, 1898 with the production of manganese metal aluminum calorimetry, and the development of desilication refining furnace production of low-carbon ferromanganese. In 1939, the production of manganese metal by electrolysis was started.

The earliest mined manganese mine was the Whitifeld manganese mine in Tennessee, USA. It was first harvested in 1837, and by 1884 the annual output of manganese ore had reached 40,000 tons. India was also one of the earliest countries to mine manganese ore, which was started in 1892. Before the First World War, India exported manganese ore to the world's first place. After 1928 its status was replaced by the former Soviet Union. The manganese ore production of the former Soviet Union has been a world leader since the end of the 1920s. In addition, countries such as Brazil, Ghana, Australia, South Africa and Gabon have been the first to mine manganese ore.

The geological prospecting work of manganese ore in China began relatively early. According to the information, since 1886, manganese ore was first discovered in Xingguozhou (now Yangxin) in Hubei, and then in Hunan in 1897 and 1907. Found Anren, Qixian and Changning, Fuyang manganese ore; in 1910, Guangxi Fangcheng Dazhi and Qinzhou Huangwutun manganese mine were discovered; in 1913 and 1918, Hunan Xiangtan Shangwudu manganese ore was discovered before and after (renamed Xiangtan manganese ore in 1937) And Guangxi Mugui, Jiangxi Lehua manganese mine. China's older generation of geologists, such as Zhu Tingyu, Wang Xiaoqing, Tian Qiling, Wang Dian, Li Dianchen, Li Siguang, etc., have conducted a large number of manganese ore geological surveys in Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and other places, and have initially learned about some manganese ore deposits in China. The quality of manganese ore is discussed in the genesis of manganese deposits.

1 Overview

Manganese is widely distributed in nature, and almost all kinds of ore and silicate rocks contain manganese. The most common manganese ore is anhydrous and water-containing manganese oxide and manganese carbonate. There are 150 known manganese minerals, but the manganese is the highest, which can be enriched to form manganese minerals with economic value but only 5-6 kinds. The most important and most economical are pyrolusite and hard manganese ore, in addition to manganese ore, manganite, manganite, and manganese ore. The manganese content of these minerals can reach 50~70%, which is an important industrial mineral of manganese.

(1) Pyrolusite: The chemical composition is MnO2, and the manganese content can reach up to 63.2%, often containing a small amount of water and silica, iron oxide and hard manganese ore. Usually, it is a columnar crystal, and it is also needle-like, fibrous, granular, and the like. The hardness is 1 to 2.5, and the specific gravity is 4.7 to 4.8. Metallic luster or matt. The colors are iron black or light blue black. The streaks are black. Sexual soft energy contaminates the fingers and is opaque.

(2) Hard manganese ore: The composition is aqueous manganese oxide. Molecular formula rMnO•1MnO2•mH2O. The manganese content is about 45 to 60%. It often contains impurities such as iron, calcium, copper and silicon. It is a block, grape, stalactite, dendritic or earthy aggregate with a smooth surface. The hardness is 5-6, and the specific gravity is 3.7-4.7. Semi-metallic luster to dull. The color is dark gray to iron black. The streaks are bright, dark brown and opaque. Sexually brittle, smooth or scalloped.

2. Nature

Manganese ore is usually decomposed by acid. Commonly used acids are hydrochloric acid, nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide, hydrofluoric acid-sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid-nitric acid. Mineral samples that are not decomposed by acid can be melted and decomposed by an alkaline flux or an acidic flux. If the pyrolusite is heated to 550-600 ° C, it will decompose and become β-mannobousite (Mn2O3). Most of the manganese ore contains a considerable amount of water, especially the dried manganese ore is much more absorbent. Manganese ore generally contains impurities such as silica, phosphorus, lead , sulfur, aluminum, arsenic , antimony , calcium, magnesium , potassium and sodium. In the manganese ore layer, copper, cobalt , nickel and other rare metals are sometimes associated with the oxidation. Silicon, sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic are all harmful impurities, especially the level of phosphorus is very important, and it is an important indicator for evaluating manganese ore. Some of them contain calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, which are beneficial components during smelting.

3. Use

(1) In the metallurgical industry: Manganese is an indispensable raw material for the steel industry. Manganese is a very strong reducing agent, which can absorb all the oxygen from the molten steel, so that there is no iron oxide in the steel, and it becomes a non-porous steel ingot. Secondly, manganese is also an excellent desulfurizer. It can remove all the sulfur in the molten steel. Adding a small amount of manganese to the steel can greatly improve the mechanical properties of the steel, such as ductility, malleability, toughness and wear resistance. Manganese steel, ferromanganese, and various alloys of manganese and copper, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and the like are widely used industrially. 1 in terms of ferrous metallurgy. Standard ferromanganese can be smelted with superior grade manganese ore containing iron. Ferromanganese is an additional material for the production of special steel, and it can also smelt a small amount of strontium manganese. Bismuth manganese is useful for smelting certain types of steel; 2 in the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. Alloys of manganese and copper can be used to make corrosion-resistant metal receptacles. Manganese bronze alloy can be used as marine equipment. Manganese-aluminum alloys have great applications in the aerospace industry. Manganese-nickel-copper alloys can be used to make standard resistance wires.

(2) In the chemical industry: Manganese dioxide (pyromanganese ore) can be used as a passive agent in the manufacture of dry batteries, and a paint desiccant can be produced in the chemical industry. It is also possible to make black decorative glass and glazed colors of decorative bricks and pottery. It is also possible to use various manganese compounds such as manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, potassium permanganate and the like.

4. Origin and quality specifications

The main producing areas are mostly located in southern China, such as Guangxi Wuxuan, Guiping, Fangcheng, Qinxian, etc.; Hunan Xiangtan, Changning, Yueyang, Changsha, etc.; Meixian, Huiyang, Taishan, etc.; Zunyi, Weining, Guizhou; Pingluo, Xundian, Yunnan , Dongchuan, etc. and Jiangxi Pingle. India is the leading producer in foreign countries, as well as North America, Russia, South Africa, Australia, and Gabon.

Quality specifications, currently there are no uniform specifications for various manganese ore in China, generally divided into manganese ore (also known as hard manganese) and soft manganese ore (also known as soft manganese powder). Its specifications are as follows:

Manganese ore specifications: 25-50% manganese; 40% silica; 0.2% sulfur; 0.2% phosphorus.

Pyrolusite specification: containing more than 60% manganese dioxide.

According to various uses, the quality requirements for manganese ore are proposed: the technical conditions for the ore for smelting ferromanganese are shown in the table.

Table ore technical conditions for smelting ferromanganese

Grade Mn % SiO2 % Mn: Fe P %

IA 50 or more 9 or more Not less than 6 to 7 0.17 to 0.20 or less

IB 40～50 9～15 Not less than 7～10 0.14～0.17以下

II 35～40 15～25 Not less than 3～4 0.18以下

III 30～35 25～35 Not less than 4～5 0.15以下

Large-scale manganese ore geological exploration work was established after the founding of New China. From the Guangxi Industrial Department in 1950, the Guiping Mugui Manganese Mine and the East China Geodetic Survey began the exploration of the Qixia Manganese Mine in Nanjing and the Southwest Industrial Department on the Zunyi Manganese Mine in Guizhou. After nearly 50 years of efforts by the majority of geological workers, by the end of 1996, the national manganese ore geology The investment in exploration was about 680 million yuan, the drilling capacity of mechanical core drilling was about 1.9 million m, and the cumulative proven manganese ore was 648 million tons.

The earliest mined manganese mine in China was the Yangxin manganese mine in Hubei Province. It was first harvested in 1890. After the quality was poor, it was stopped soon. After the suspension of the Yangxin manganese mine, the Hanyeping Coal and Iron Plant Company set up the Changyu Manganese Mine Mining and Transportation Bureau in Qutan, Changning, Hunan Province in 1908 to mine manganese mines in the Changning-Zhangyang area. After discovering manganese ore in Shangdu, Xiangtan, Hunan Province in 1913, it was mined by the newly formed Yuyu Mining Company in 1914. By 1917, it had begun to take shape, with a daily output of more than 100 tons of manganese ore, with a maximum annual output of 30,000 tons. In the 12 years from 1916 to 1927, the manganese ore that was sold to Japan's Bagua Steel Works reached 143,000 tons (the ore grade was not less than 45%).

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