In the investment casting industry, steel castings are the most used castings in the manufacturing industry, and are widely used in equipment, agricultural machinery, machining, and automobile industries. Metal castings can produce parts with complex shapes, but there are also requirements for the design of the product structure. In the case of meeting the requirements of use, it should also try to comply with the casting process. For example, in the structural design, care should be taken not to have thin walls, which may easily lead to dissatisfaction with pouring or product deformation; for example, try not to have sharp corners, try to use radian transitions; and try not to appear small and deep blind holes, It will cause great trouble for foundry sand cleaning. Of course, there are many other structural problems. We will improve and optimize the product structure according to the customer's drawings without changing the customer's functional use, so as to maximize the product qualification rate and production efficiency. In some cases where the structure cannot be changed, we will also perform some follow-up processing after casting according to actual problems, so that the expected results can also be achieved.
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Researchers at the University of California in the United States processed E. coli to produce isobutanol and other promising long-chain alcohol fuels. Butanol and branched-chain alcohols containing four or five carbon atoms are far better substitutes for ethanol than gasoline. They can store more energy per unit volume (but still less than gasoline) and absorb only from the atmosphere. Less water molecules are less prone to pollution and less corrosive than ethanol.
As early as 1916, people began to use microbial fermentation of sugar to produce butanol and ethanol, but the process has not been able to compete with the cheap oil route. Today, with the rise in the price of oil, the microbial route has once again attracted the attention of many researchers.
Traditional fermentation pathways only produce linear 1-butanol, and the team's goal is to produce branched isobutanol with a higher octane number than straight-chain butanol. Therefore, they designed a brand-new route to produce a variety of alcohols with a number of carbon atoms in the molecular chain of 3 to 5, among which isobutanol with good characteristics has a relatively high yield. At the same time, since the reaction is based on an amino acid biosynthetic pathway, it should be easier to substitute other microorganisms for E. coli that are less suitable for industrialization in this route. "This research advance has opened the door to exploring the use of various higher alcohols as biofuels, not just ethanol and 1-butanol," the researchers said.
Butanol is microbially toxic, so a key obstacle to the commercialization of biobutanol synthesis is to increase the tolerance of microorganisms. Researchers said that their cooperation with a biofuel company has started, and the above obstacles mainly exist in technical process design. In the next two to three years, the industrialization of bio-butanol should still be in its infancy.
Microbial Butanol Fuel New Route Available
According to the “Chemistry World†report of the United Kingdom on January 2, American scientists recently developed a new route for the production of long-chain alcohol fuels using microorganisms. As an alternative fuel, it has a better application prospect than ethanol.