Why can black phosphorus replace graphene?

Throughout all 2D materials, although each material can find its own application scenario, there is no doubt that black phosphorus is the most promising of all new two-dimensional materials. Why do you say this? Conductors and Insulators are common substances, but the world that changes the world is semiconductors. The potential of black phosphorus in semiconductors far exceeds people's imagination.

To say that black phosphorus is a material, it has to be traced back from the history of chemistry. The first person who discovered phosphorus was a German burger named Polish. He was a man who believed in alchemy because he had listened. It is said that in the urine, the "king of metal" gold can be made, so for the purpose of making a fortune, a lot of experiments were done with urine. In 1669, he unexpectedly got a very beautiful substance in a test. It was white and soft, and it could emit shimmering light in the dark. This is what is now called white phosphorus.

After scientists realized the element of phosphorus, some allotropes of phosphorus were discovered one after another. These allotropes are named by colors like red phosphorus, black phosphorus and purple phosphorus. They are all composed of phosphorus, but they all have their own structure and characteristics.

After the discovery of graphene, when the researchers observed that black phosphorus was layered, they naturally thought of graphite and graphene, and tried to peel off the single layer of black phosphorus. The researchers first used a mechanical peeling method similar to graphene to successfully obtain a single layer of black phosphorus.

The massive black phosphorus is called "metal phosphorus" because of its conductivity. After the monolayer of black phosphorus was isolated, the researchers found that black phosphorus has a greater potential than graphene because of the presence of energy gaps in black phosphorus.

The energy gap in solid state physics refers to the energy gap at the low end of the conduction band to which the semiconductor or the valence band of the insulator is transmitted. In this case, you may not understand. In simple terms, the energy gap is quite a light, the switch is open, black phosphorus is the conductor; the switch is off, black phosphorus is the insulator. What is the control of this switch? Energy.

The existence of the energy gap makes black phosphorus a semiconductor material. Zhang Yuanbo's research group at Fudan University used black phosphorus to prepare field-effect transistors. They pointed out that this field-effect transistor is expected to replace traditional silicon and become the basic material of electronic circuits.

The black phosphorus energy gap can also be fine-tuned by the number of black phosphorus layers. Philip Feng, an assistant professor at the School of Electrical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University, explains that the bandgap voltage can be controlled within the range of 0.3-2.0 eV. . This range covers almost all of the energy gap voltages found in all two-dimensional materials, making black phosphorus a link bridge for energy gaps in different two-dimensional materials.

In addition to the above functions, the energy gap can also affect the photoelectric properties of the material. Scientists have also studied the optoelectronic capabilities of black phosphorus. The bandgap range means that it can absorb electromagnetic waves from 0.6 to 4.0 microns, that is, light from visible to infrared. This absorption spectrum is the key to the application of black phosphorus in light-related sensors. Scientists have produced a black phosphorus-based light detector that converts 3 billion bits of light per second. The results are striking.

Black Phosphorus has also made other progress in optoelectronics. The research team of the Institute of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Xuefeng, and the professor of Shenzhen University, Zhang Wei, have cooperated in the preparation of black phosphorus quantum dots and ultrafast photonics applications. Results. The research group has developed a method for large-scale preparation of black phosphorus quantum dots, which is expected to expand the application of black phosphorus in the field of light spots.

Black phosphorus is also an anisotropic material. Anisotropy is easy to understand, that is, the properties of materials in different directions are different. The most common application of this feature is liquid crystal - the material in the well-known liquid crystal display. In the large family of two-dimensional materials, anisotropy is a very rare feature that highlights the distinctiveness of black phosphorus. Recently, researchers have discovered the effect of the anisotropy of black phosphorus on mechanical vibration performance. With this feature, new electronic components and signal processing equipment can be designed.

Incorporating the above characteristics, black phosphorus has naturally become a new focus of researchers, and has flourished in a few years.

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