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With the increasing concern of environmental protection by more countries, new energy vehicles are constantly being developed and promoted in more countries. However, it is worth noting that, as an important part of the new energy automotive industry chain, the development of power battery development in the same time, the exploration of recycling and reuse model has become a problem that cannot be ignored.
Should study the issue of reuse early
In recent days, the continuous serious air pollution in our country has caused the people and the relevant state departments to attach great importance to it. In this regard, relevant experts said that in the future the country may further increase policy support for new energy vehicles. Once the EV market starts, it will bring explosive growth to the power battery market.
It is understood that at present, China's power battery research is mainly focused on improving its safety performance and service life, and the recycling link is seriously out of touch. For example, a lithium-ion battery that is used as a power battery does not contain toxic heavy metal elements such as mercury, cadmium, and lead, but its positive and negative electrode materials, electrolyte solution, and other substances have a great influence on the environment. Some research institutions predict that, as the demand for electric vehicles rises, lithium will supply in short supply in 2017. Therefore, the issue of power battery recycling and reuse should be studied as soon as possible.
Many people know that the high price of power batteries is one of the important factors that limit the promotion of electric vehicles. Relevant data show that the power lithium battery life is about 20 years, but it is only 3 to 5 years for automotive power. As the capacity decays to less than 80% of the initial capacity, the cruising range of the electric vehicle will be significantly reduced, but for the energy storage system, these batteries still have a large use value.
According to the "Energy-saving and new-energy automotive industry development plan (2011-2020)", the establishment of a power battery cascade utilization and recovery management system should be a feasible choice. For example, a battery with a capacity of less than 80% can be used for grid energy storage after it is withdrawn from an electric vehicle, or as a power source for low speed vehicles such as electric field vehicles. The batteries that have been eliminated twice from energy storage equipment or low-speed electric vehicles may have other third and fourth-time utilization. This kind of step-by-step utilization can make full use of the value of the power battery, so as to reduce the cost of the battery in the automobile use phase and promote the advancement of the electric vehicle in advance.
Recycling may be the main battleground for future competition
According to Li Yuke, an expert from the China Automotive Technology and Research Center, it is expected that the accumulated scrap of power batteries will be about 2 to 4 million tons in 2015. By 2020, only pure electric (including plug-in) passenger cars and hybrid vehicles will be built in China. Accumulated scrap of vehicle battery power will reach a scale of 12 to 170,000 tons.
According to reports, nickel-hydrogen batteries are mainly recycled objects of nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements, recycling technology has matured; lithium batteries, copper, aluminum, nickel and cobalt as the main recycling objects. At present, the ternary system positive electrode material of lithium ion battery has the highest recovery value, and the lithium iron phosphate and lithium manganate type positive electrode materials have small recovery value, and the lithium battery recycling process cost is high.
The reporter learned that the technical route for recycling batteries is relatively complex. For example, on the disposal of lithium batteries, they must first be pretreated, including discharge, dismantling, smashing, and sorting; the plastic and iron shells after dismantling should be recycled. The electrode material is then subjected to alkaline leaching, acid leaching, and impurity removal followed by extraction.
Although the economics of power battery recycling are not high at present, with the expansion of the application scale, the resources are gradually depleted, and recycling will show great value. Perhaps the main place for promoting industry competition in the future is no longer the exploitation of lithium resources, but recycling.
Judging from the current situation in Europe and the United States, relevant manufacturers are vigorously promoting research on the recycling and utilization of power batteries and making technical reserves for large-scale commercial recycling. For example, Belgian Umicore develops ultra-high temperature technology to dispose of used lithium batteries. Toyota Motor Corp. and Umicore are planning to recycle the lithium-ion batteries of two Toyota vehicles. The Toxco Corporation in the United States in the liquid nitrogen environment of low-temperature frozen cells to make the material chemical properties become inactive, and then disassemble the battery to separate the material. Even Germany, which does not have a power battery manufacturer, is also working on a recycling network system.
Recycling market has not yet formed
In fact, our country also has some actions in this regard, but it is not very moving. The “Energy Conservation and New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan†clearly stated that it is necessary to formulate a management method for the recovery and utilization of power batteries and set the access conditions for power battery recycling and recycling enterprises. However, it is understood that at present, China's power battery recycling work and the development of new energy vehicles do not match, the recycling market has not yet formed.
According to the China Automotive Technology and Research Center, because the new energy vehicle is in the R&D and promotion stage, and it has not been widely used, China's vehicle power battery has not yet experienced large-scale scrapping, so at present, China has not yet established a professional vehicle battery. Recycling system. However, from the perspective of recycling technology, the recycling routes for nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries in automotive power batteries and consumer electronics products are basically the same. They mainly extract valuable metals such as nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Domestically, there is basically a corresponding recycling technology.
Li Yuke said that at present, China has a certain number of nickel-metal hydride, lithium batteries, and cobalt-nickel recycling companies. The recycling service network is gradually expanding. It has the basis for the recovery and recycling of power batteries for vehicles. In the future, it should effectively use and improve the existing recycling network. This makes it more suitable for the recycling of large batteries for vehicle power batteries that are relatively concentrated in this resource. Li Yuke also suggested that when establishing China's vehicle power battery recycling system, several principles should be followed: First, it is necessary to implement a producer responsibility extension system; secondly, to implement qualification certification for enterprises engaged in vehicle power battery recycling; The detailed technical specifications for non-ferrous metal recycling, clear nickel, cobalt and other non-ferrous metal recycling enterprises access qualifications, encourage the development of high-level professional recycling enterprises.
The reporter also learned that during the 2008 Olympic Games, the 50 pure electric buses used in Beijing were near the end of the scrapping period. How to deal with the replaced batteries was already in front of them and became a problem that was still to be solved.