Tungsten was discovered in 1781 by the Swedish chemist CW Scheele. To the beginning of the last century, due to a number of application development tungsten, such as in 1900 for the first time demonstrate the use of high-speed steel and tungsten bulbs with tungsten as an alloying element in the Paris World's Fair, 1927 to 1928 developed into a tungsten carbide-based sintered Tungsten metallurgy, such as cemented carbide, has begun to develop, and the production of tungsten concentrate has increased rapidly.
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Historically, the increase in tungsten production has been linked to the need for war. The growth of the world's tungsten concentrate production in different historical periods is shown in the table below. From the table, it can be seen in World War I (1915~1918), II. The production of tungsten during the Second World War (1939-1945) and during the Korean War was higher than normal. After the 1960s, the production and consumption of tungsten concentrates in the peacetime period still increased, but after the 1980s, the application of coated cemented carbides extended the life of the tools and the utilization of recycled tungsten. The increase (about 35% in the United States in 2000) and the development of tungsten substitutes have led to a decline in the production and consumption of tungsten concentrates. The development of tungsten metallurgy technology in different periods is generally as follows:
50 years of last century decomposition method industrially wolframite concentrates mainly soda NaOH and the fusion sintering method, decomposition method scheelite concentrates mainly hydrochloric acid decomposition method, and Union Carbide P ratio Xiao (Bishop) Plant In 1941, the construction of a second set of soda high pressure leaching equipment was started. The methods for purifying tungsten compounds are mainly ammonia magnesium salt precipitation method and MoS 3 precipitation method. The purity of the produced tungsten trioxide is 99% to 99.9%.
From the early 1950s to the 1960s, the soda sintering method solved the problem of sintering of the charge by adding the residue to the slag, thus achieving continuous production. Due to the success of a large number of tests, the sulphur concentrate was treated by soda high pressure leaching. The rapid promotion of Sino Mine was combined with the extraction process developed in the 1960s to make the soda high pressure leaching-extraction process more complete.
Tungsten metallurgy technology has made more significant progress from 1970 to 1990. In the decomposition of black tungsten concentrate, NaOH pressing method replaced the cumbersome soda sintering process. In China, the alkaline boil-extraction process has reached the world advanced level. In particular, China has developed a series of new tungsten hydrometallurgical processes. Among them, the ion exchange of crude Na 2 W0 4 solution widely used in industry except P, As , Si and transformation process, scheelite and black and white tungsten mixed refractory tungsten ore alkali decomposition process, selective precipitation method from the tungsten salt solution in addition to molybdenum , arsenic , tin , antimony process and purple tungsten hydrogen reduction method to produce ultrafine The tungsten powder process has raised the level of tungsten metallurgy in the world to a new level.
references:
1. Li Honggui, editor. Non-ferrous metal extraction metallurgy manual: rare high melting point metal coil (top). Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1999
2.3eликма A .H . MeTaиypÐ³Ð¸Ñ tyгoплавкиx peдкиx металлoв . Mockвa :
Meтaлургиздaт
3. Ye Hao is waiting. Tungsten - Resources, Metallurgy, Properties and Applications. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1983
4. Zhu Xiusheng. China's tungsten resources and tungsten industry. China Tungsten Industry, 2003, 18 (5): 24 ~ 26
5.Micheal Maby. International Tungsten Association 14th Annual Conference Market Report. China Tungsten Industry, 2001, 16 (5-6): 129
6.Bunting RMTungsten[J].E/MJ.1997,(3):37
7. Kong Zhaoqing et al. Current Status and Future Development of China's Tungsten Industry. China Tungsten Industry, 2001, 16(5-6): 122~125
Development history of tungsten metallurgy
years
1913~
1914
1915~
1918
1919~
1925
1926~
1929
1930~
1933
1934~
1938
1939~
1945
1946~
1949
Annual average output / t
3697
10660
4107
5825
5854
12940
21700
13800
years
1950~1953
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Annual average output / t
43300
43850
42895
33260
25620
22455
30815
27290